It does not provide any novel research results by itself, but rather introduces the important concepts and challenges in the field. This lecture has been conceived as a work of reference. I draw an analogy between software ecosystems and natural ecosystems, and illustrate through previously reported empirical case studies how ecological diversity metrics and econometric inequality metrics can be used to increase understanding of evolving software ecosystems from dual viewpoints. I present some of the challenges that need to be overcome during the extraction and cleaning of data obtained from different data sources (such as version control repositories, bug trackers, and mailing lists). Based on software repository mining research advances, in this lecture I explore the state of the art in the empirical analysis of software ecosystems, with a focus on the evolutionary aspect. In particular, the social aspect becomes crucial, requiring to understand evolving ecosystems as dynamic socio-technical networks. Dealing with the complex interaction and dynamics of these ecosystems is an important problem that raises additional challenges compared to the maintenance of individual soft- ware systems. Software ecosystems are collections of interacting and communicating software projects developed by the same developer community.
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